CND
  • CND
    • WHOAMI
    • PROJECTS
      • DEV
        • PERSONAL WEBSITE
        • GITHUB
          • CONVERTERS
          • CALCULATORS
        • ARDUINO
        • CTFD
        • AUTOMATION
          • ANSIBLE
          • TERRAFORM
      • CYBER
        • PERSONAL CYBER RANGE
    • SELF DEVELOPMENT
      • TRAINING PLATFORMS
      • PREP MATERIALS
        • OPERATOR DEVELOPMENT & INTEGRATION EFFORT (ODIE) ASSESSMENT
        • COMPUTER NETWORK ASSESSMENT BATTERY (CNAB)
        • COMPUTER NETWORK OPERATIONS QUALIFICATION COURSE (CNOQC)
        • COMPUTER NETWORK OPERATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM (CNODP)
        • DATA ENGINEER
        • CYBER COMMON TECHNICAL CORE (CCTC)
      • WRITEUPS/WALKTHROUGHS
        • HTB ACADEMY
          • 01.BUG BOUNTY HUNTER
          • 02.PENETRATION TESTER
        • HTB LABS
          • STARTING POINT
            • TIER 0
              • 01.MEOW (TELNET)
              • 02.FAWN (FTP)
              • 03.DANCING (SMB)
              • 04.REDEEMER (REDIS DB - ANONYMOUS ACCESS)
              • 05.EXPLOSION (RDP - WEAK CREDS)
              • 06.PREIGNITION (WEB FORM LOGIN)
              • 07.MONGOD (MONGODB)
              • 08.SYNCED (RSYNC)
            • TIER 1
              • 01.APPOINTMENT (SQL INJECTION)
              • 02.SEQUEL (MYSQL)
              • 03.CROCODILE (FTP & WEB FORM LOGIN)
              • 04.RESPONDER (RFI, NTLM CAPTURE, PW CRACKING & WINRM)
              • 05.THREE (AWS S3 BUCKET)
              • 06.IGNITION (DIRECTORY ENUMERATION & BRUTE FORCE)
              • 07.BIKE (SSTI)
              • 08.FUNNEL (PASSWORD SPRAYING & LOCAL PORT FORWARDING)
              • 09.PENNYWORTH (GROOVY SCRIPTING & REVERSE SHELL)
              • 10.TACTICS (SMB)
            • TIER 2
              • 01.ARCHETYPE (PRIVESC & MSSQL SERVER)
              • 02.OOPSIE
              • 03.VACCINE
              • 04.UNIFIED
              • 04.INCLUDED
              • 05.MARKUP
              • 06.BASE
          • INTRO TO BLUE TEAM
            • BRUTUS (SSH)
            • BFT (MFT)
            • UNIT42 (SYSMON/EVENT LOGS)
            • I-LIKE-TO
        • THM
          • ADVENT OF CYBER
            • 2024
            • 2023
            • 2022
          • SOC LEVEL 1
            • PRACTICAL EXERCISES
              • NETWORK SECURITY & TRAFFIC ANALYSIS
                • SNORT
                • NETWORK MINER
                • ZEEK
                • BRIM
                • WIRESHARK: BASICS
                • WIRESHARK: PACKET OPERATIONS
                • WIRESHARK: TRAFFIC ANALYSIS
                • TSHARK: THE BASICS
                • TSHARK: CLI WIRESHARK FEATURES
              • ENDPOINT SECURITY MONITORING
                • INTRO TO ENDPOINT SECURITY
            • SKILLS ASSESSMENT
              • NETWORK SECURITY & TRAFFIC ANALYSIS
                • SNORT CHALLENGE (BASICS)
                • SNORT CHALLENGE (LIVE ATTACKS)
                • ZEEK EXERCISES
                • TSHARK CHALLENGE I: TEAMWORK
                • TSHARK CHALLENGE II: DIRECTORY
              • ENDPOINT SECURITY MONITORING
        • HOLIDAY HACK CHALLENGE (SANS)
          • 2024:SNOW-MAGGEDON
      • PROVING GROUNDS
        • ADVENT OF CYBER: SIDE QUEST (THM)
          • 2024
        • CMU
        • CYBER FLAG
        • PRESIDENT'S CUP
        • MEC-T
      • COLLEGE
        • 03.DAKOTA STATE UNIVERSITY (DSU)
          • 2025
            • 01.CSC428: REVERSE ENGINEERING
          • 2024
            • 01.CSC314: ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE
            • 02.CSC300: DATA STRUCTURES
              • 01.C++ OVERVIEW: CLASSES & DATA ABSTRACTION
              • 02.OBJECT ORIENTED DESIGN & C++
              • 03.POINTERS
              • 04.ARRAY-BASED LIST
              • 05.LINKED LISTS
              • 06.DOUBLY LINKED LIST
              • 07.STACKS
              • 08.QUEUES
              • 09.BINARY TREES
          • 2023
            • 01.CSC250: COMPUTER SCIENCE II
            • 02.CSC334: WEB DEVELOPMENT
            • 03.MATH201: INTRODUCTION TO DISCRETE MATHEMATICS
        • 02.UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA (UA)
        • 01.TECHNICAL COLLEGE OF THE LOWCOUNTRY
          • 2010
          • 2009
      • NOTES
  • PLAYBOOK
    • DCO
      • 01.PRE-ENGAGEMENT
        • PLAN
          • PDSS
            • 02.ROE
          • MISSION ANALYSIS
        • PREPARE
          • MPN
          • HSMC
            • 01.CTI
            • 02.DETECTION ENGINEERING
      • 02.ENGAGEMENT
        • EXECUTE
          • 01.PRE-HUNT
            • TAP/SENSOR DEPLOYMENT
          • 02.THREAT HUNTING
            • 01.TRAFFIC ANALYSIS
              • LOW-HANGING FRUIT
                • HOST IDENTIFICATION
                  • WIRESHARK
                  • TSHARK
                • CLEARTEXT CREDENTIALS
                  • WIRESHARK
                • CLEARTEXT PROTOCOLS
                  • WIRESHARK
                    • FTP ANALYSIS
                    • HTTP ANALYSIS
                    • LOG4J ANALYSIS
                • DNS QUERIES
                  • TSHARK
                • USER-AGENTS
                  • TSHARK
              • PORT SCANS
                • WIRESHARK
                • KIBANA
                • SPLUNK
              • ARP POISONING
                • WIRESHARK
              • TUNNELING (DNS/ICP)
                • WIRESHARK
                  • ICMP TUNNELING
                  • DNS TUNNELING
              • ENCRYPTED PROTOCOLS
                • WIRESHARK
                  • HTTPS ANALYSIS
                    • SNI INSPECTION
                    • ENCRYPTION KEY LOG FILE
            • 02.LOG ANALYSIS
          • INCIDENT RESPONSE
            • 01.PREPARATION
            • 02.IDENTIFICATION
            • 03.CONTAINMENT
            • 04.ERADICATION
            • 05.RECOVERY
            • 06.LESSONS LEARNED
          • FORENSICS
            • 01.ACQUISITION
            • MALWARE ANALYSIS
            • REVERSE ENGINEERING
        • ASSESS
      • 03.POST-ENGAGEMENT
        • DEBRIEF
        • DOCUMENTATION
          • MISSION DEFENSE PLAN/RISK MITIGATION PLAN
            • VULNERABILITY GUIDE
    • OCO
      • 01.PRE-ENGAGEMENT
        • 01.PDSS
        • 02.ROE
        • 03.RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT
          • 01.INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT
          • 02.MALWARE DEVELOPMENT
          • 03.EXPLOIT DEVELOPMENT
      • 02.ENGAGEMENT
        • 01.IN
          • 01.PRE-ACCESS
            • 01.VPN CONNECTION
            • 02.ANALYST LOGGING
            • 03.OPNOTES
          • 02.INITIAL ACCESS/FOOTHOLD
            • INFORMATION GATHERING
              • RECONNAISSANCE
              • VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT
                • WEB SERVERS
                  • SOURCE CODE REVIEW
                  • VULNERABILITY IDENTIFICATION
                    • SEARCHSPLOIT
                    • EXPLOIT DB
                  • VULNERABILITY SCANNING
                    • NIKTO
                    • NMAP
            • WEAPONIZATION
              • OBFUSCATION
                • JAVASCRIPT
              • SHELLCODES
              • PASSWORDS/PINS
                • PINS
                • DICTIONARY
                • CUSTOM WORDLIST
                  • USERNAMES
                  • PASSWORDS
              • TROJANS
                • TROJAN BACKDOOR
              • MALICIOUS DOCUMENTS
                • MACRO EMBEDDING DOCX
              • SCRIPTS
                • ENUMERATION
                  • PYTHON
                    • PARAM-FUZZER.PY
                  • BASH
                • WSDL
                  • SQLI
                  • CMD INJECTION
            • DELIVERY
              • SOCIAL ENGINEERING
              • WATERING HOLE
              • SUPPLY CHAIN
              • FILE XFER: INGRESS (UTILITY-BASED)
                • PYTHON HTTP SERVER
                  • WGET/CURL
                • SCP
                • COPY/PASTE
                  • BASE64 ENCODED XFER
            • EXPLOITATION
              • TYPE
                • INJECTIONS
                  • CLIENT-SIDE
                    • CROSS-SITE SCRIPTING (XSS)
                      • XSS DISCOVERY
                        • XSS TESTING (MANUAL)
                        • XSS TESTING (HYBRID)
                      • WEBPAGE DEFACEMENT
                      • XSS PHISHING
                      • XSS SESSION HIJACKING (AKA COOKIE STEALING)
                        • BASIC XSS TESTS
                        • OBTAINING SESSION COOKIES (PHP SERVER)
                        • OBTAINING SESSION COOKIES (NETCAT SERVER)
                    • SQL INJECTION (SQLI)
                      • 01.SQLI DISCOVERY
                        • 01.SQLI TESTING (MANUAL)
                          • URL PARAMETER METHOD
                          • LOGIN FORMS
                        • 01.SQLI TESTING (HYBRID)
                          • SQLMAP
                        • 02.SQLI LOCATION IDENTIFICATION
                      • 02.SQLI DB ENUMERATION
                      • AUTHENTICATION BYPASS
                      • CREDENTIAL DUMPING
                      • SQLI READING FILES
                      • SQLI WRITING WEB SHELL FILES
                    • COMMAND INJECTION
                      • 01.DISCOVERY
                      • FILTER EVASION/BYPASS
                        • FRONT-END VALIDATION: CUSTOMIZED HTTP REQUEST
                        • SPACE & NEW LINE CHARACTERS
                        • SLASH & BACKSLASH
                        • BLACKLISTED CHARACTERS
                        • BLACKLISTED CMDS
                        • ADVANCED CMD OBFUSCATION
                      • EVASION TOOLS
                    • HTML INJECTION
                    • XML EXTERNAL EXTITY (XXE)
                      • DISCOVERY
                        • WINDOWS
                      • INFORMATION DISCLOSURE
                      • INFORMATION TAMPERING
                        • RCE
                      • EXFILTRATION
                        • OOB BLIND DATA EXFIL
                          • XXEINJECTOR (AUTOMATED)
                      • IMPACT
                        • DOS
                    • CROSS-SITE REQUEST FORGERY (CSRF/XSRF)
                      • DISCOVERY
                      • CSRF BYPASS
                      • TRIGGERS
                        • W/O ANTI-CSRF TOKEN
                        • WITH ANTI-CSRF TOKEN (GET METHOD)
                        • WITH ANTI-CSRF TOKEN (POST METHOD)
                        • CHAINING (XSS & CSRF)
                          • MAKING PROFILE PUBLIC
                          • ADDING A FUNCTION TO THE PROFILE PAGE
                        • WEAK CSRF TOKENS
                  • SERVER-SIDE
                    • SSRF
                      • 01.DISCOVERY
                        • BLIND SSRF
                      • ENUMERATION
                      • LFI
                    • SSTI
                      • IDENTIFICATION
                      • JINJA (EXPLOITATION)
                      • TWIG (EXPLOITATION)
                      • HANDLEBARS NODEJS (EXPLOITATION)
                        • PAYLOAD
                    • SSI INJECTION
                      • SSI (EXPLOITATION)
                    • XSLT INJECTION
                      • IDENTIFICATION
                      • XSLT INJECTION (EXPLOITATION)
                • FILE UPLOADS
                  • 01.DISCOVERY
                  • FILTER EVASION/BYPASS
                    • CLIENT-SIDE VALIDATION
                      • BACK-END REQUEST MODIFICATION
                      • DISABLING FRONT-END VALIDATION
                    • BACK-END VALIDATION
                      • BLACKLIST EXTENSION FILTERS
                      • WHITELIST EXTENSION FILTERS
                      • CONTENT TYPE FILTER
                  • UPLOAD EXPLOITATION
                    • WEB SHELL
                      • CUSTOM WEB SHELLS
                        • PHP WEB SHELL
                        • .NET WEB SHELL
                        • HTML FORM SHELL
                    • REVERSE SHELLS
                      • CUSTOM REVERSE SHELLS
                    • LIMITED FILE UPLOADS
                      • EMBEDDED JAVASCRIPT (XSS)
                      • XML EXTERNAL ENTITY (XXE)
                    • TFTP
                  • ARBITRARY FILE UPLOAD
                • BRUTE FORCE
                  • WEB
                    • BASIC HTTP AUTHENTICATION
                    • WEB LOGIN FORMS
                      • HYDRA
                      • FFUF
                    • PASSWORD RESET: TOKENS
                    • 2FA
                    • LOW-HANGING FRUIT
                      • EMPTY/DEFAULT PWS
                      • DEFAULT CREDENTIALS
                    • PASSWORD RESET: SECURITY QUESTIONS
                    • PIN CRACKING
                    • SESSION TOKENS
                      • IDENTIFICATION
                      • TAMPERING/FORGING SESSION TOKENS
                  • EXPOSED SERVICES
                    • SSH
                    • FTP
                    • RDP
                    • SMB
                    • SNMP
                  • PASSWORD CRACKING (OFFLINE)
                    • HASH IDENTIFICATION
                    • JOHN THE RIPPER
                    • HASHCAT
                • AUTHENTICATION BYPASS
                  • DIRECT ACCESS
                  • PARAMETER MODIFICATION
                  • HTTP VERB TAMPERING
                    • INSECURE CONFIGURATION
                    • INSECURE CODING
                  • SESSION ATTACKS
                    • SESSION HIJACKING
                    • SESSION FIXATION
                      • DISCOVERY
                • WI-FI
                  • WPA/WPA2 CRACKING
                • IDOR
                  • IDENTIFICATION
                  • INFORMATION DISCLOSURE
                    • PLAINTEXT REFERENCES
                    • PARAMETER MANIPULATION & COOKIE TAMPERING
                    • ENCODED REFERENCES
                  • INFORMATION ALTERATION
                    • INSECURE FUNCTION CALLS
                • FILE INCLUSION
                  • LFI
                    • DISCOVERY
                      • FUZZING FOR LFI PAYLOADS (AUTOMATED)
                        • EXTRA PAYLOADS
                    • BASIC BYPASSES
                    • SOURCE CODE DISCLOSURE
                    • RCE
                      • FILE UPLOADS
                      • LOG FILE POISONING
                        • PHP SESSION POISONING
                        • SERVER LOG POISONING
                  • RFI
                    • DISCOVERY
                    • RCE
                • OPEN REDIRECT
                  • DISCOVERY
                  • CREDENTIAL THEFT
                • RCE MS SQL
              • CVE
            • DEFENSE EVASION
            • PERSISTENCE
              • SSH DIRECTORY
            • COMMAND & CONTROL
              • SHELLS
                • BIND SHELL
                  • BASH
                  • PYTHON
                  • POWERSHELL
                • REVERSE SHELL
                  • BASH
                  • PHP
                  • POWERSHELL
                  • GROOVY (JENKINS)
                • WEB SHELL
                  • PHP
                  • JSP
                  • ASP
                • SSH
              • INTERACTIVE SHELLS
        • 02.THROUGH
          • DISCOVERY
            • 01.HOST
            • 02.SERVICES
            • 02.VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT
          • ENUMERATION
            • SYSTEM ENUMERATION
              • WINPEAS
          • PRIVILEGE ESCALATION
            • WINDOWS
              • IDENTIFICATION
                • AUTOMATED SCRIPTS
                  • WINPEAS
                  • SEATBELT
                  • JAWS
              • EXECUTION
                • BATCH FILES
                • PSEXEC.PY
                • EXPOSED CREDENTIALS
                  • WEBROOTS
            • LINUX
              • IDENTIFICATION
                • AUTOMATED SCRIPTS
                  • LINENUM
                  • LINUXPRIVCHECKER
                  • LINPEAS
              • EXECUTION
                • EXPOSED CREDENTIALS
                  • WEBROOTS
                • MISCONFIGURATIONS
                  • SETUID
                  • VI
                  • SSH DIRECTORY
                  • SUDOERS
                • SCHEDULED TASKS
                  • CRON JOBS
          • EXECUTION
          • CREDENTIAL ACCESS
            • SESSION HIJACKING
            • PASSWORD CRACKING
              • JOHN THE RIPPER
                • CRACKING ENCRYPTED FILES (ZIP)
                • CRACKING ENCRYPTED FILES (PDF)
              • HASHCAT
                • CRACKING MD5 HASHES
          • LATERAL MOVEMENT
            • NETWORK PIVOTING
              • PORT FORWARDING
                • LOCAL PORT FORWARDING
              • TUNNELING
        • 03.OUT
          • COLLECTION
          • EXFILTRATION
            • SCP
          • IMPACT
            • DOS
              • XXE PAYLOAD DOS
              • DECOMPRESSION BOMB
              • PIXEL FLOOD
              • REGEX DOS
                • DISCOVERY
            • TIMING ATTACKS
              • RACE CONDITIONS
            • MITM
              • WEBSOCKETS
          • OBJECTIVES
      • 03.POST-ENGAGEMENT
        • 00.BDA
        • 01.ARTIFACT CLEARING
        • 02.INFRASTRUCTURE RESET
        • 03.DEBRIEF
          • INTERNAL
          • EXTERNAL
        • 04.DOCUMENTATION
          • REPORT
        • 05.LESSONS LEARNED
    • DEV
      • C
    • SRE
      • REVERSE ENGINEERING
        • ANALYSIS
          • 01.REBASING: IDENTIFYING BASE ADDRESS (IF REQUIRED)
          • 02.IDENTIFYING MAIN() IN STRIPPED BINARIES
          • 03.IDENTIFYING GLOBAL VARIABLES
          • C CODE CONSTRUCTS IN ASSEMBLY
            • GLOBAL & LOCAL VARIABLES
            • ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS
            • FUNCTION CALLS
            • ARRAYS
            • STRUCTS
            • LINKED-LIST TRAVERSAL
            • FLOW CONTROL
              • IF STATEMENTS
              • SWITCH STATEMENTS
              • LOOPS
        • STRING PATCHING
        • BINARY PATCHING
        • STACK MAPPING
      • ANTI-DEBUGGING
      • SOFTWARE EXPLOITATION
        • STACK REDIRECTION
        • SHELLCODE
        • DISASSEMBLER/GHIDRA SCRIPTING
        • FORMAT STRINGS
        • ENVIRONMENT VARS
        • BUFFER OVERFLOWS
          • DISABLING ASLR (LINUX)
        • VULNERABLE C FUNCTIONS
  • ENGINEERING
    • INSTALLATION PROCEDURES
    • CONFIGURATION PROCEDURES
      • WEB
        • BASIC HTTP AUTHENTICATION
        • CSRF PROTECTED FORM
      • NETWORKING
        • CISCO SWITCH
          • VLAN TRUNKS
          • PORT SECURITY
        • CISCO ROUTER
  • SYSTEM ADMINISTRATION
    • LINUX
      • NETWORKING
        • RESTART NETWORK SERVICES
        • LOCAL DNS RESOLUTION
      • LOCATING
      • FILE SHARING
      • PACKAGES
        • NORDVPN
      • OS
        • KALI
    • WINDOWS
      • DISK PARTITIONING
        • DISKPART
      • ACTIVE DIRECTORY
        • PASSWORD
        • DOMAIN USER
      • OPEN SSH
        • PRIVATE KEY PERMISSIONS
      • LOCAL DNS RESOLUTION
  • TOOLING
    • DCO
      • CYBER THREAT INTELLIGENCE (CTI)
        • OPENCTI
        • MALWARE INFORMATION SHARING PLATFORM (MISP)
      • DETECTION ENGINEERING
        • HOST
          • NETWORK MINER
        • NETWORK
          • SNORT
            • SELF-TEST MODE
            • SNIFFER MODE
            • PACKET LOGGER MODE
            • IDS/IPS MODE
            • PCAP READING MODE
            • RULE WRITING
              • SAMPLE RULES
              • MAGIC NUMBERS
      • THREAT HUNTING
        • NETWORK ANALYSIS
          • IDS/IPS
            • SNORT
            • SURICATA
          • PACKET ANALYZER
            • WIRESHARK
              • MERGING PCAPS
              • FINDING SPECIFIC STRINGS/PACKETS
              • EXPORTING PACKETS
              • EXPORTING OBJECTS
              • CREATING PROFILES
              • BOOKMARKING FILTERS
              • PACKET FILTERING
                • OPERATORS & FUNCTIONS
                • PROTOCOL FILTERS
                  • IP FILTERS
                  • TCP/UDP FILTERS
                  • APPLICATION FILTERS
                • FILTER BUILDER
              • CREATING FW RULES
            • TSHARK
              • SNIFFING TRAFFIC
                • CAPTURE FILTERS
              • READING CAPTURE FILE
                • DISPLAY FILTERS
                • OUTPUT FORMAT SELECTOR
              • FOLLOWING DATA STREAMS
              • EXTRACTING DATA
              • PACKET FILTERING
                • DISPLAYING PACKET STATISTICS
                • ADVANCED FILTERING
            • TCPDUMP
              • EXTRACTING INFORMATION
          • SIEM
            • ELASTIC STACK
            • SECURITY ONION
            • SPLUNK
          • NSM
            • ZEEK
              • MODES
              • LOGS
              • SIGNATURES
                • HTTP CLEARTEXT PASSWORD DETECTION
                • FTP BRUTE FORCE DETECTION
              • SCRIPTING
              • EVENT CORRELATION
              • FRAMEWORK
                • FILE FRAMEWORK | HASHES
                • FILE FRAMEWORK | EXTRACT FILES
                • NOTICE FRAMEWORK | INTELLIGENCE
                • CLEARTEXT SUBMISSION OF PWDS
                • GEO-LOCATION DATA
              • PACKAGES
        • HOST ANALYSIS
          • YARA
          • FLOSS
          • BRIM
            • QUERIES
            • QUERY REFERENCE
          • SYSINTERNALS
            • TCPVIEW
            • PROCESS EXPLORER
            • SYSMON
              • EXAMPLE CONFIGURATION FILE
              • IMPORTANT EVENT-IDS
          • POWERSHELL
          • WINDOWS EVENT LOGS
            • EXPORTING LOGS
          • OSQUERY
          • EDR
            • WAZUH
      • DFIR
        • EXIFTOOL
        • NETWORK FORENSICS
          • NETWORK MINER
        • FILE SYSTEM
          • MFTECMD
          • TIMELINE EXPLORER
      • ATOMIC RED TEAM
      • UTILITIES
        • JQ
        • .NET SDK
      • REVERSE ENGINEERING
        • DISASSEMBLERS
          • RADARE2
          • GHIDRA
          • IDA PRO
          • BINARY NINJA
          • CUTTER
          • HOPPER
        • DEBUGGERS
          • GDB/GEF
          • GEF
          • X64DBG
          • WINDBG
    • OCO
      • C2
        • COBALT STRIKE
        • SLIVER
        • MYTHIC C2
          • INSTALLATION
            • ON-PREMISE
            • AWS EC2
            • AZURE
          • C2 PROFILES
            • HTTP
          • AGENTS
            • WINDOWS
          • PAYLOAD CREATION
            • AWS CLOUDFRONT IMPLEMENTATION
            • AZURE FRONT DOOR IMPLEMENTATION
            • NGINX CONDITIONAL REDIRECTION IMPLEMENTATION
        • MITRE CALDERA
          • ON-PREMISE
        • HAVOC C2
        • METASPLOIT
      • VPS
        • REDIRECTORS
          • AWS CLOUDFRONT
            • LOAD BALANCER (AWS EC2)
            • CLOUDFRONT
              • GEO RESTRICTION (OPSEC)
          • AZURE FRONT DOOR
            • FRONT DOOR
          • NGINX (AWS EC2/AZURE)
            • C2 AGENT/USER-AGENT CONDITIONAL REDIRECTION (OPSEC)
              • NGINX FW RULE
              • C2 SERVER FW RULE
            • DIRECTORY REDIRECTION (OPSEC)
          • NGINX (ON-PREMISE)
        • PAYLOAD SERVER
          • NGINX (AWS EC2/AZURE)
            • FW RULES
            • CONFIGURATION
              • FACADE FILES
          • PWNDROP
        • PHISHING SERVER
          • EVILGINX (AWS EC2/AZURE)
            • FW RULES
            • HOMOGRAPHS
            • TRIGGERS
              • CREDENTIAL HARVESTING
              • MFA BYPASS
          • GOPHISH
            • FW RULES
            • CONFIGURATION
            • CAMPAIGNS
            • TRIGGERS
              • MALICIOUS DOWNLOADS
      • WIFI
        • ALFA AWUS1900 WIRELESS ADAPTER
          • DRIVERS
      • OSINT
        • FINAL RECON
        • RECON-NG
        • THE HARVESTER
        • SPIDERFOOT
        • OSINT FRAMEWORK
      • UTILITIES
        • 7ZIP
        • BROWSER DEVTOOLS
        • CADAVER
        • CURL
        • CUSTOM WORDLIST
          • USERNAME ANARCHY
          • CUPP
        • DATABASE
          • MYSQL
          • PSQL
        • DIG
        • DNSENUM
        • FIND
        • FTP
        • HTML2TEXT
        • IMPACKET
          • PSEXEC.PY
          • MSSQLCLIENT.PY
        • MULTI-FUNCTION
        • NETCAT
        • NETSTAT
        • NMAP
        • OPENVPN
        • PASSWORD
          • BRUTE FORCE (ONLINE)
            • HYDRA
            • MEDUSA
            • FFUF
            • CRACKMAPEXEC (SMB, ETC)
          • CRACKING (OFFLINE)
            • HASH-ID.PY
            • HASHID
            • JOHN THE RIPPER
            • HASHCAT
        • PRIVESC
          • WINPEAS
        • PROXIES
          • WRAPPER
            • PROXYCHAINS
          • WEB PROXIES
            • BURP SUITE
              • SETTINGS
              • WEB CRAWLING
            • ZED ATTACK PROXY (ZAP)
          • BROWSER PROXIES
            • FIREFOX
            • EXTENSIONS
              • FOXY PROXY
              • PROXY SWITCHYOMEGA (BRAVE BROWSER)
        • REMOTE ACCESS
          • FREERDP
        • RESPONDER
        • RSYNC
        • SCRIPT
        • SEARCHSPLOIT
        • SMBCLIENT
        • SOCAT
        • SQLMAP
          • GET REQUESTS
          • POST REQUESTS
          • BYPASSING WEBAPP PROTECTIONS
            • TAMPER SCRIPTS
          • OS EXPLOITATION
          • SQLI
            • CMD INJECTION
        • SSH
        • SSTIMAP
        • TAC
        • TECHNOLOGY PROFILER
          • WAPPALYZER
        • TEE
        • TMUX
        • TREE
        • VI/VIM
        • WEB CONTENT DISCOVERY
          • GOBUSTER
          • DIRB
        • WGET
        • WPSCAN
        • SNMPWALK
        • ONESIXTYONE
      • RANGE
        • TARGETS
          • DVWA
          • VULNHUB
          • DVLLMA
          • OWASP JUICE SHOP
          • METASPLOITABLE 2
          • METASPLOITABLE 3
    • DEV
      • FUNDAMENTALS
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On this page
  • DYNAMIC SECURE
  • PROCEDURE
  • IMPLEMENTATION
  • STATIC
  • PROCEDURE
  • IMPLEMENTATION
  • DYNAMIC STICKY
  • PROCEDURE
  • IMPLEMENTATION
  • FIXING VIOLATION ISSUES
  • PROCEDURE
  • IMPLEMENTATION
  1. ENGINEERING
  2. CONFIGURATION PROCEDURES
  3. NETWORKING
  4. CISCO SWITCH

PORT SECURITY

PreviousVLAN TRUNKSNextCISCO ROUTER

Last updated 8 months ago

DYNAMIC SECURE


The mac addresses in this configuration aren't saved when the switch reboots


PROCEDURE

  1. Administratively shut down all switch ports that aren't in use

  2. Verify that all unused switch ports have been administratively shutdown

  3. Enable a dynamic secure port security only on the pertinent/used switch ports

  4. Display the default settings for port security on the specified interface

  5. Display all interfaces that have port security enabled including their mac addresses

  6. Configure the interface to only have access to 2 dynamically learned mac addresses

  7. Display the default settings for port security on the specified interface

  8. Display all interfaces that have port security enabled, including their mac addresses

  9. Assign an IP address to the PC

  10. Send out one echo request to the default-gateway * although there is no router/default gateway assigned, the switch will still capture the mac address of the PC

  11. Display all interfaces that have port security enabled including their mac addresses

IMPLEMENTATION

01.Switch1(config)# interface range fa0/9 - fa0/23
   Switch1(config-if-range)# shutdown
02.Switch1(config-if-range)# do show ip interface brief
03.Switch1(config)# interface fa0/1
   Switch1(config-if)# switchport mode access
    * The reason you set LAN interfaces such as the ones connected
      to end nodes to switchport mode access is because those ends
      doesn't require the sending of DTP messages...and this actually
      disables DTP on that interface
   Switch1(config-if)# switchport port-security

    * The interface must be in access or trunk mode IOT for port
      security to be enabled. If the interface is in the default
      "dynamic auto" mode, an error message will be displayed
      letting the user know that the mode must be first changed

04.Switch1# show port-security interface fa0/1
05.Switch1# show port-security address
06.Switch1(config)# interface fa0/1
   Switch1(config-if)# switchport port-security maximum 2
07.Switch1# show port-security interface fa0/1
08.Switch1# show port-security address
09.PC> ip addr add 192.168.1.2/24 dev eth0
   PC> ip route add default via 192.168.1.1 dev eth0
    * The old method of assigning IPv4 to Linux
       - PC > ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.2/24
10.PC > ping -c 1 192.168.1.1
11.Switch1# show port-security address

STATIC

PROCEDURE

  1. Administratively shut down all switch ports that aren't in use

  2. Verify that all unused switch ports have been administratively shutdown

  3. Enable port security only on the pertinent/used switch ports

  4. Assign an IP address to the PC

  5. Send out one echo request to the default-gateway * although there is no router/default gateway assigned, the switch will still capture the mac address of the PC

  6. Display the default settings for port security on the specified interface

  7. Display all interfaces that have port security enabled, including their mac addresses

  8. Configure the interface to only access a statically learned mac addresses of AAAA.BBBB.CCCC

  9. Display the default settings for port security on the specified interface

  10. Display all interfaces that have port security enabled, including their mac addresses

  11. Reconfigure the interface to have 3 mac addresses allowed

  12. Reconfigure the interface to have the following mac addresses AAAA.BBBB.CCCC, CCCC.DDDD.EEEE and 1234.ABCD.5678

  13. Display the default settings for port security on the specified interface

  14. Display all interfaces that have port security enabled, including mac addresses

IMPLEMENTATION

01.Switch1(config)# interface range fa0/9 - fa0/23
   Switch1(config-if-range)# shutdown
02.Switch1(config-if-range)# do show ip interface brief
03.Switch1(config)# interface fa0/1
   Switch1(config-if)# switchport mode access
    * The reason you set LAN interfaces such as the ones connected
      to end nodes to switchport mode access is because those ends
      doesn't require the sending of DTP messages...and this 
      actually disables DTP on that interface
   Switch1(config-if)# switchport port-security

    * The interface must be in access or trunk mode IOF port
      security to be enabled. If the interface is in the default
      "dynamic auto" mode, an error message will be displayed
      letting the user know that the mode must be first changed

04.PC> ip addr add 192.168.1.2/24 dev eth0
   PC> ip route add default via 192.168.1.1 dev eth0
    * The old method of assigning IPv4 to Linux
       - PC > ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.2/24
05.PC > ping -c 1 192.168.1.1
06.Switch1# show port-security interface fa0/1
07.Switch1# show port-security address
08.Switch1(config)# interface fa0/1
   Switch1(config-if)# switchport port-security mac-address AAAA.BBBB.CCCC
    * If there is already a mac address assigned on the interface,
      you need to shutdown the interface then assign the specified MAC
     address...re-enable the interface afterwards
   Switch1(config-if)# switchport port-security maximum 1
09.Switch1# show port-security interface fa0/1
10.Switch1# show port-security address
11.Switch1(config)# interface fa0/1
   Switch1(config-if)# switchport port-security maximum 3
12.Switch1(config-if)# switchport port-security mac-address AAAA.BBBB.CCCC
   Switch1(config-if)# switchport port-security mac-address BBBB.CCCC.DDDD
   Switch1(config-if)# switchport port-security mac-address CCCC.DDDD.EEEE
    * If there is already a mac address assigned on the interface,
      you need to shutdown the interface then assign the specified MAC
      address...re-enable the interface afterwards
13.Switch1# show port-security interface fa0/1
14.Switch1# show port-security address

DYNAMIC STICKY


The mac addresses that are dynamically learned in this configuration are saved as long as there is a saved startup-config file


PROCEDURE

  1. Administratively shut down all switch ports that aren't in use

  2. Verify that all unused switch ports have been administratively shutdown

  3. Enable port security only on the pertinent/used switch ports

  4. Display the default settings for port security on the specified interface

  5. Display all interfaces that have port security enabled including their MAC address

  6. Configure the interface to dynamically learn mac addresses in sticky mode with a maximum of 3 addresses

  7. Display the default settings for port security on the specified interface

  8. Display all interfaces that have port security enabled including their MAC address

IMPLEMENTATION

01.Switch1(config)# interface range fa0/9 - fa0/23
   Switch1(config-if-range)# shutdown
02.Switch1(config-if-range)# do show run
03.Switch1(config)# interface fa0/1
   Switch1(config-if)# switchport mode access
   Switch1(config-if)# switchport port-security

    * The interface must be in access or trunk mode IOT for port
      security to be enabled. If the interface is in the default
      "dynamic auto" mode, an error message will be displayed 
      letting the user know that the mode must be first changed

04.Switch1# show port-security interface fa0/1
05.Switch1# show port-security address
06.Switch1(config)# interface fa0/1
   Switch1(config-if)# switchport port-security mac-address sticky
   Switch1(config-if)# switchport port-security maximum 3
07.Switch1# show port-security interface fa0/1
08.Switch1# show port-security address

FIXING VIOLATION ISSUES


Procedure for fixing an interface that is in "err-disabled" state


PROCEDURE

  1. Administratively shutdown all switch ports that aren't in use

  2. Verify that all unused switch ports have been administratively shutdown

  3. Enable port security only on the pertinent/used switch ports

  4. Display the default settings for port security on the specified interface

  5. Display all interfaces that have port security enabled including their MAC address

  6. Configure the interface to have a statically learned mac address of host A with a maximum mac address of 1 allowed

  7. Configure a security violation of shutdown on the specified interface

  8. Assign an IPv4 address to Host A & send one packet to the default gateway

  9. Display the default settings for port security on the specified interface

  10. Display all interfaces that have port security enabled including their MAC address

  11. Introduce a new host "Host B" to interface gi0/0 "which has a different" mac address - Configure Host B with an IPv4 address - send one packet to the default gateway using Host B, to trigger port-security

  12. Display the default settings for port security on the specified interface

  13. Display all interfaces that have port security enabled including their MAC address

  14. Display port security violation issues

  15. Remove the intruding host "Host B" from the network

  16. Fix the violation and re-enable the port for Host A

  17. Display the default settings for port security on the specified interface - also display all interfaces that have port security enabled including their MAC address - display any port security violation issues

IMPLEMENTATION

01.Switch1(config)# interface range fa0/9 - fa0/23
   Switch1(config-if-range)# shutdown
02.Switch1(config-if-range)# do show run
03.Switch1(config)# interface fa0/1
   Switch1(config-if)# switchport mode access
   Switch1(config-if)# switchport port-security

    * The interface must be in access or trunk mode IOT for port
      security to be enabled. If the interface is in the default
      "dynamic auto" mode, an error message will be displayed
      letting the user know that the mode must be first changed

04.Switch1# show port-security interface fa0/1
05.Switch1# show port-security address
06.Switch1(config)# interface fa0/1
   Switch1(config-if)# switchport port-security mac-address <mac of host A>
   Switch1(config-if)# switchport port-security maximum 1
07.Switch1(config-if)# switchport port-security violation shutdown
08.root@HostA:~# ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.2/24
   root@HostA:~# ping -c 1 192.168.1.1
09.Switch1# show port-security interface fa0/1
10.Switch1# show port-security address
11.Introduce Host B into the network using fa0/1
    - root@HostB:~# ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.2/24
    - root@HostB:~# ping -c 1 192.168.1.1
12.Switch1# show port-security interface fa0/1
13.Switch1# show port-security address
14.Switch1# show port-security
15.Remove the intruding host "Host B" from the network and re-attach
   Host A to fa0/1
16.Switch1(config)# interface fa0/1
   Switch1(config-if)# shutdown
   Switch1(config-if)# no shutdown
17.Switch1# show port-security interface fa0/1
   Switch1# show port-security address
   Switch1# show port-security